From an email exchange:

The state code regarding pedestrians is a bit of quagmire. Sen. Barker from N. Virginia and Fairfax County have been trying to improve the pedestrian related laws for several years to no avail (latest bill was SB228). Even the police say the laws are too confusing and difficult to enforce. Unfortunately Sen. Barker keeps running into stiff opposition from legislators who don’t see this as a problem, much less a priority.

Here is the code on where you can cross:
http://law.justia.com/virginia/codes/toc4602000/46.2-923.html

Where drivers have to stop:
http://law.justia.com/virginia/codes/toc4602000/46.2-924.html

Pedestrian signals:
http://law.justia.com/virginia/codes/toc4602000/46.2-925.html

Law prohibiting entering the road from where you can’t be seen:
http://law.justia.com/virginia/codes/toc4602000/46.2-926.html

When boarding buses:
http://law.justia.com/virginia/codes/toc4602000/46.2-927.html

Walking on the road:
http://law.justia.com/virginia/codes/toc4602000/46.2-928.html